EarSpiro: Earphone-based Spirometry for Lung Function Assessment

"Spirometry is the gold standard for evaluating lung functions. Recent research has proposed that mobile devices can measure lung function indices cost-efficiently. However, these designs fall short in two aspects. First, they cannot provide the flow-volume (F-V) curve, which is more informative than lung function indices. Secondly, these solutions lack inspiratory measurement, which is sensitive to lung diseases such as variable extrathoracic obstruction. In this paper, we present EarSpiro, an earphone-based solution that interprets the recorded airflow sound during a spirometry test into an F-V curve, including both the expiratory and inspiratory measurements. EarSpiro leverages a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) to capture the complex correlation between airflow sound and airflow speed. Meanwhile, EarSpiro adopts a clustering-based segmentation algorithm to track the weak inspiratory signals from the raw audio recording to enable inspiratory measurement. We also enable EarSpiro with daily mouthpiece-like objects such as a funnel using transfer learning and a decoder network with the help of only a few true lung function indices from the user. Extensive experiments with 60 subjects show that EarSpiro achieves mean errors of 0.20L/s and 0.42L/s for expiratory and inspiratory flow rate estimation, and 0.61L/s and 0.83L/s for expiratory and inspiratory F-V curve estimation. The mean correlation coefficient between the estimated F-V curve and the true one is 0.94. The mean estimation error for four common lung function indices is 7.3%. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3569480"