From Diagrams to Experience: Data Visceralisation of Ecosystem State-and-Transition Models in Virtual Reality

Communicating complex scientific concepts to non-experts is a persistent challenge. State-and-transition models (STMs), often shown as box-and-arrow diagrams, exemplify well this difficulty. This paper explores how virtual reality (VR) can make STMs more accessible. Using ecosystem STMs as a case study, we present a proof-of-concept system enabling users to viscerally experience model content. We followed a three-phased participatory design process: first, 2 ecology experts guided the development of a VR prototype. Next, 17 government environmental management professionals evaluated its utility and features. Finally, after refining the system, 12 VR researchers informed design considerations and improvements. Our findings provide practical insights for visualising STMs in VR and contribute to the emerging concept of "data visceralisation". We found this approach engages users and supports understanding of qualitative aspects of real-world phenomena. However, complex models like ecosystem STMs require creating accurate and extensive simulations. We conclude with a discussion for future directions.