Raja Kushalnagar

schoolGallaudet Universitybar_chart#830 Global Rank

Total Papers

HCI Rank

#830

Research Areas

Years Active

Recent Publications

Deaf and Hard of Hearing Access to Intelligent Personal Assistants: Comparison of Voice-Based Options with an LLM-Powered Touch Interface

We investigate intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) accessibility for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people who can use their voice in everyday communication. The inability of IPAs to understand diverse accents including deaf speech renders them largely inaccessible to non-signing and speaking DHH individuals. Using…

CHI '264th AuthorHonorable MentionSocial & Collaborative VR +2

Reclaiming VR Design Authority: Deaf Signers Shaping Immersive Classrooms

Deaf students face a persistent visual attention split between signer and instructional materials. Although virtual reality (VR) is often promoted as an educational solution, it typically reinforces hearing norms (e.g., caption overlays or interpreter boxes onto hearing classrooms). Our work foregrounds Deaf leadershi…

CSCW '255th+ AuthorDeaf and Hard-of-Hearing Research

Customizing Generated Signs and Voices of AI Avatars: Deaf-Centric Mixed-Reality Design for Deaf-Hearing Communication

This study investigates innovative interaction designs for communication and collaborative learning between learners of mixed hearing and signing abilities, leveraging advancements in mixed reality technologies like Apple Vision Pro and generative AI for animated avatars. Adopting a participatory design approach, we e…

CHI '255th+ AuthorHonorable MentionVoice Accessibility +1

Towards AI-driven Sign Language Generation with Non-manual Markers

Sign languages are essential for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) community. Sign language generation systems have the potential to support communication by translating from written languages, such as English, into signed videos. However, current systems often fail to meet user needs due to poor translation of gramm…

CHI '245th+ AuthorDeaf & Hard-of-Hearing Support (Captions, Sign Language, Vibration) +2

Towards Co-Creating Access and Inclusion: A Group Autoethnography on a Hearing Individual's Journey Towards Effective Communication in Mixed-Hearing Ability Higher Education Settings

We present a group autoethnography detailing a hearing student's journey in adopting communication technologies at a mixed-hearing ability summer research camp. Our study focuses on how this student, a research assistant with emerging American Sign Language (ASL) skills, (in)effectively communicates with deaf and hard…

CHI '244th AuthorIntelligent Voice Assistants (Alexa, Siri, etc.) +1

Assessment of Sign Language-Based versus Touch-Based Input for Deaf Users Interacting with Intelligent Personal Assistants

With the recent advancements in intelligent personal assistants (IPAs), their popularity is rapidly increasing when it comes to utilizing Automatic Speech Recognition within households. In this study, we used a Wizard-of-Oz methodology to evaluate and compare the usability of American Sign Language (ASL), Tap to Alexa…

CHI '245th+ AuthorHonorable MentionVoice Accessibility +2

How Users Experience Closed Captions on Live Television: Quality Metrics Remain a Challenge

This paper presents a mixed methods study on how deaf, hard of hearing and hearing viewers perceive live TV caption quality with captioned video stimuli designed to mirror TV captioning experiences. To assess caption quality, we used four commonly-used quality metrics focusing on accuracy: word error rate, weighted wo…

CHI '235th+ AuthorConversational Chatbots +2

“Easier or Harder, Depending on Who the Hearing Person Is”: Codesigning Videoconferencing Tools for Small Groups with Mixed Hearing Status

With improvements in automated speech recognition and increased use of videoconferencing, real-time captioning has changed significantly. This shift toward broadly available but less accurate captioning invites exploration of the role hearing conversation partners play in shaping the accessibility of a conversation to…

CSCW '214th AuthorHonorable MentionAccessibility and Assistive Technologies

Social, Environmental, and Technical: Factors at play in the current use and future design of small-group captioning

Real-time captioning is a critical accessibility tool for many d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people. While the vast majority of captioning work has focused on formal settings and technical innovations, in contrast, we investigate captioning for informal, interactive small-group conversations, which have a high degr…

CHI '195th+ AuthorHaptic Wearables +1

Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Individuals' Preferences for Wearable and Mobile Sound Awareness Technologies

To investigate preferences for mobile and wearable sound awareness systems, we conducted an online survey with 201 DHH participants. The survey explores how demographic factors affect perceptions of sound awareness technologies, gauges interest in specific sounds and sound characteristics, solicits reactions to three…

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