Long-Term Evolution of Driver Visual Attention during Automated Driving in Real-Traffic: Investigating the Influence of Mental Model and Dynamic Learned TrustA calibrated trust level is essential for the safe use of automated systems. In automated driving, overtrust can reduce the driver’s monitoring behavior and delay takeover times, which poses significant safety risks. This motivates the need for continuous, objective trust assessment for real-time system adaptations. P…2025SSStephanie Seupke et al.University of UlmAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignEye Tracking & Gaze InteractionAutoUI
VR-WISE: VR based work zone immersive simulation with eye tracking and biometric sensors for capturing driver’s awarenessEnsuring safety in roadway work zones remains a major challenge, as current measures have not fully eliminated risks. Accidents around work zones often stem from the unpredictable behavior of both drivers and workers, highlighting the need to better understand their interactions and perceptions in these environments.…2025SZSHUO ZHANG et al.New York UniversityEye Tracking & Gaze InteractionContext-Aware ComputingSmart Cities & Urban SensingAutoUI
Immersive Augmented Reality (AR) Gaming in Vehicles: The Impact of Visuo-Vestibular Congruency on Motion DiscomfortThis study investigated rear-seat passengers’ motion discomfort when displaying (in)congruent visual motion while playing an immersive Augmented Reality (AR) racing game on a headrest-mounted screen. 29 players participated in two, 30-minute drives involving urban and highway roads. In the Synchronized Game (SG), the…2025SDStephanie DabicValeoMotion Sickness & Passenger ExperienceSocial & Collaborative VRAutoUI
Need for Trust Calibration in Takeover request Performance in Level 3 Automated vehiclesTrust is a critical human factor influencing driver interaction with autonomous vehicles (AVs), particularly during takeover requests (TORs). Despite growing interest in trust calibration and TOR performance, no comprehensive review exists that synthesizes findings across these domains. This paper aims to address this…2025JJJulakha Jahan Jui et al.Deakin UniversityAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignAutoUI
Evaluating Interfaces for Non-Driving Related Tasks While Operating an E-scooterMicromobility vehicles, such as e-scooters, provide ecological and financial benefits over automotive transportation. However, as with car drivers, micromobility users often perform non-driving related tasks (NDRTs), interacting with stereo controls or navigation tasks, which can lead to accidents. It remains uncle…2025KTKenshikimyo Terao et al.Cornell UniversityIn-Vehicle Haptic, Audio & Multimodal FeedbackMicromobility (E-bike, E-scooter) InteractionAutoUI
SOH Illusion: Misunderstandings of EV Battery State of Health and Methods to Promote UnderstandingLegislation in the USA will soon require that electric vehicles (EVs) display battery degradation in the instrument cluster as "state of health" (SOH), the percentage of the battery's original capacity. However, the extent to which consumers understand SOH degradation patterns is not known. In an initial study with ve…2025KLKylie R. Lin et al.Georgia Institute of TechnologyEV Charging & Eco-Driving InterfacesInteractive Data VisualizationAutoUI
Haptic-Augmented AV Experiences: Potentials for Blind and Low-Vision UsersHaptic technology has diverse applications in automated vehicles (AVs), yet research lacks a holistic view of its role in user experiences and its inclusive potential for blind and low-vision (BLV) users. This paper reviews state-of-the-art haptic interfaces in AVs, examining technological foundations, applications, u…2025ZMZhengtao Ma et al.Queensland University of TechnologyAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignIn-Vehicle Haptic, Audio & Multimodal FeedbackVisual Impairment Technologies (Screen Readers, Tactile Graphics, Braille)AutoUI
Examining Cross-Cultural Differences in Intelligent Vehicle Agents: Repair Strategies after Their FailuresAnthropomorphic design in intelligent vehicle agents (IVAs) is crucial for driving safety and user experience. Cultural background may shape user preferences, as evidenced by Chinese car manufacturers offering more anthropomorphic IVAs (e.g., physical robots, human-like virtual agents) than their Western counterparts.…2025LLLan Lan et al.Zhejiang UniversityExternal HMI (eHMI) — Communication with Pedestrians & CyclistsVoice User Interface (VUI) DesignMultilingual & Cross-Cultural Voice InteractionAutoUI
Mind Over Matter - Investigating the Influence of Driver's Perception in the Misuse of Automated VehiclesAs vehicles with several levels of automation become increasingly common, there is an increase in incidents involving the misuse of Driving Automation Systems (DAS). The manner in which drivers interact with DAS indicates that the problem extends beyond UI design. We investigate how drivers' perceptions and expectatio…2025FNFjollë Novakazi et al.Chalmers University of TechnologyHead-Up Display (HUD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)AI-Assisted Decision-Making & AutomationAutoUI
Non-Emergency Notification Timing for Drivers Doing Non-Driving-Related Tasks in Autonomous Vehicles: An Interruptibility StudyFuture high-level autonomous vehicles (AVs) will enable drivers to engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs) during autopilot. Occasionally, an in-vehicle agent may need to notify drivers of important, yet not urgent, information. Through a four-session interruptibility study on a desktop autonomous driving simulato…2025HWHongyu Howie Wang et al.Carnegie Mellon UniversityIn-Vehicle Haptic, Audio & Multimodal FeedbackEye Tracking & Gaze InteractionNotification & Interruption ManagementAutoUI
Drivers’ Attention to Dash-Based Human-Machine Interfaces: The Effect of Partial Automation and Cognitive LoadA vehicle’s dash-based Human-Machine Interface (HMI) provides critical information to drivers. However, the location of these displays can take drivers' visual attention away from the forward view and compromise safety. As vehicle automation becomes increasingly common, its impact on drivers’ visual attention to dash-…2025HQHao Qin et al.University of LeedsHead-Up Display (HUD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)AutoUI
Seeing Beyond the Leading Vehicle: Designing V2V Braking Visualizations to Support Novice DriversFor novice drivers, highway driving often makes it challenging to anticipate sudden braking events and adapt to the dynamic nature of traffic conditions. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technologies offer a promising solution by providing beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) braking information, enhancing situational aw…2025HSHongling Sheng et al.Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyV2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communication DesignAutoUI
Designing With Motion: Exploring Vestibular Cues as a Subtle Awareness Nudge Modality in Automated VehiclesAutomated driving systems, particularly at SAE Level 3, present new challenges in managing driver attention to ensure smooth transitions from automated to manual control. This paper reports on a qualitative investigation of vestibular cues—implemented via subtle deceleration events—as a form of a dynamic Human-Machine…2025YYYueteng Yu et al.Queensland University of TechnologyAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignIn-Vehicle Haptic, Audio & Multimodal FeedbackAutoUI
Enhancing Cyclist Safety in the EU: A Study on Lateral Overtaking Distance Across Seven Scenarios Using Lab and Crowdsourced MethodsCyclists face significant risks from vehicles that overtake too closely. Through crowdsourcing (N = 200) and driving simulator (N = 20) experiments, this study examines driver behaviour in seven scenarios: laser projection, road sign, road marking, car projection, centre line and side line markings (baseline), cycle l…2025GSGiovanni Sapienza et al.Technical University EindhovenExternal HMI (eHMI) — Communication with Pedestrians & CyclistsV2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communication DesignPedestrian & Cyclist SafetyAutoUI
Visual Sampling Behavior Does not Explain Risk Perception: A Data-Driven xAI InvestigationHow do drivers perceive risk? Understanding what situations and factors cause drivers to perceive situations as critical can improve our understanding of road user behavior and inform automated driving technology. To investigate the factors that shape drivers’ risk perception, we conducted an eye-tracking study with 2…2025MLMartin Lorenz et al.Leipzig UniversityEye Tracking & Gaze InteractionExplainable AI (XAI)AI-Assisted Decision-Making & AutomationAutoUI
Pedestrian Planet: What YouTube Driving from 233 Countries and Territories Teaches Us About the WorldPedestrian crossing behaviour varies globally. This study analyses dashcam footage from the PYT dataset, covering 133 countries, to examine decision time to cross, crossing speed, and contextual variables, including detected vehicles, traffic mortality, GDP, and Gini. Bulgaria had the longest decision time (10.50 s),…2025MAMd Shadab Alam et al.Technical University EindhovenExternal HMI (eHMI) — Communication with Pedestrians & CyclistsV2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Communication DesignPedestrian & Cyclist SafetyAutoUI
Socially Adaptive Autonomous Vehicles: Effects of Contingent Driving Behavior on Drivers' ExperiencesSocial scientists have argued that autonomous vehicles (AVs) need to act as effective social agents; they have to respond implicitly to other drivers' behaviors as human drivers would. In this paper, we investigate how contingent driving behavior in AVs influences human drivers' experiences. We compared three algorith…2025CYChishang "Mario" Yang et al.Cornell UniversityAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignAI-Assisted Decision-Making & AutomationAutoUI
Designing Adaptive AV Interfaces: Linking Acceptance Profiles to Design Preferences for Enhanced AdoptionTechnology Acceptance Models (TAMs) offer valuable insights into AV user acceptance, yet little research translates these factors into design requirements for partial and full autonomy (PAV/FAV). SOM clustering of 284 surveys revealed distinct acceptor and rejector profiles, with notable differences in performance exp…2025BCBenjamin T Cham et al.University of LeicesterAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignAI-Assisted Decision-Making & AutomationAutoUI
Quantifying Customer Preferences for Active Haptic Feedback in Automotive Steering Wheel Control ButtonsControl elements with active haptic feedback have become established in modern automotive user interfaces, but numerous media reports and studies indicate customer dissatisfaction with the current design. To investigate the customer preference that has not been well-characterized so far and to deduce whether differenc…2025MSMax Stölzle et al.Volkswagen AGIn-Vehicle Haptic, Audio & Multimodal FeedbackVibrotactile Feedback & Skin StimulationAutoUI
Simulating Multiple Road User Perspectives on Autonomous Vehicle BehaviorsThis work presents a system and a study in which we have multiple road users interact simultaneously with an autonomous vehicle (AV) in a virtual reality (VR) environment. We go beyond studying dyadic interactions (e.g., AV-pedestrian or AV-driver) to involve a pedestrian, a human driver, and an AV passenger all joint…2025JJJiHyun Jeong et al.Cornell UniversityAutomated Driving Interface & Takeover DesignExternal HMI (eHMI) — Communication with Pedestrians & CyclistsTeleoperated DrivingAutoUI