PACT: Scalable, Long-Range Communication for Monitoring and Tracking Systems Using Battery-less Tags

"The food and drug industry is facing the need to monitor the quality and safety of their products. This has made them turn to low-cost solutions that can enable smart sensing and tracking without adding much overhead. One such popular low-power solution is backscatter-based sensing and communication system. While it offers the promise of battery-less tags, it does so at the cost of a reduced communication range. In this work, we propose PACT - a scalable communication system that leverages the knowledge asymmetry in the network to improve the communication range of the tags. Borrowing from the backscatter principles, we design custom PACT Tags that are battery-less but use an active radio to extend the communication range beyond standard passive tags. They operate using the energy harvested from the PACT Source. A wide-band Reader is used to receive multiple Tag responses concurrently and upload them to a cloud server, enabling real-time monitoring and tracking at a longer range. We identify and address the challenges in the practical design of battery-less PACT Tags using an active radio and prototype them using off-the-shelf components. We show experimentally that our Tag consumes only 23μJ energy, which is harvested from an excitation Source that is up to 24 meters away from the Tag. We show that in outdoor deployments, the responses from an estimated 520 Tags can be received by a Reader concurrently while being 400 meters away from the Tags. https://doi.org/10.1145/3569471"