Collaboration Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Scientific Open-Source Software Ecosystem: A Case Study on Astropy

Scientific open-source software (OSS) has greatly benefited research communities through its transparent and collaborative nature. Given its critical role in scientific research, ensuring the efficiency of collaboration within development teams has become vital. Earlier research has identified both the challenges and opportunities associated with interdisciplinary team collaboration in developing conventional scientific software, as well as the dynamics of distributed teams in the context of open-source software development. However, it remains unclear whether these challenges are identical and if their solutions can be seamlessly adapted to the context of scientific OSS and its broader ecosystem. Therefore, this study examines the challenges and opportunities for improving the collaboration efficiency in the development and maintenance of scientific OSS, focusing on interdisciplinary collaboration and multi-project collaboration within the open-source environment. We conducted a mixed-methods case study on Astropy, a widely-used astrophysics software ecosystem, including (1) a detailed analysis of the commit history to understand the roles and activities of each contributor; (2) an in-depth investigation of cross-referenced issues and pull requests to identify challenges and best practices for cross-project collaboration at the ecosystem level; and (3) an interview study with core contributors to complement the first two steps, examining their collaborative efforts within an interdisciplinary team and across a multi-project ecosystem. We contribute to the CSCW community by deepening the understanding of collaboration in scientific OSS ecosystems, highlighting practices and challenges both at the individual project level and across the broader ecosystem. Our findings offer insights into managing cross-project interdependencies and propose strategies to address key obstacles in scientific OSS development.